sábado, abril 26, 2008
Strong States and Liberty by Francis Fukuyama
by Francis Fukuyama
The fiasco of the Olympic Torch Relay has focused attention on the condition of human rights in China. What is the source of human rights abuses in that country today? Many people assume the problem is that China remains a communist dictatorship, and that abuses occur because a strong centralized Chinese state ignores the rights of its citizens. With regard to Tibet and the suppression of the religious movement Falun Gong, this may be right. But the larger problem in today’s China arises out of the fact that the central Chinese state is in certain ways too weak to defend the rights of its people.
The vast majority of abuses of the rights of ordinary Chinese citizens today—peasants who have their land taken away without just compensation, workers forced to labor under sweatshop conditions, or villagers poisoned by illegal dumping of pollutants—occurs at a level far below that of the government in Beijing. China’s peculiar road towards modernization after 1978 was powered by so-called “township and village enterprises” (TVEs), which were local government bodies that were given the freedom to establish businesses and enter into the emerging market economy. The TVEs were enormously successful, and many today have become extraordinarily rich and powerful. In cahoots with private developers and companies, it is they who are producing conditions resembling the “satanic mills” of early industrial England.
The central government, by all accounts, would like to crack down on these local government bodies, but finds itself unable to do so. It both lacks capacity, and depends on local governments and the private sector to produce jobs and revenue. The Chinese Communist Party understands that it is riding a tiger. Each year there are several thousand violent incidents of social protest, each one contained and suppressed by state authorities, who nevertheless cannot seem to get at the underlying source of the unrest.
Americans traditionally distrust strong central government, and champion a federalism that distributes powers to state and local governments. The logic of wanting to move government closer to the people is strong, but we often forget that tyranny can be imposed by local oligarchies as much as by centralized ones. In the history of the Anglophone world, it is not the ability of local authorities to check the central government, but rather a balance of power between local authorities and a strong central government, that is the true cradle of liberty.
The nineteenth century British legal scholar Sir Henry Sumner Maine in his book Early Law and Custom points to this very fact in a fine essay entitled “France and England.” He notes that the single most widespread complaint written in the cahiers produced on the eve of the French Revolution (which Tocqueville also refers to in The Old Regime and the French Revolution) were complaints by peasants over encroachments of their property rights by seigneurial courts. According to Maine, judicial power in France was decentralized and under control of the local aristocracy. By contrast, from the time of the Norman conquest, the English monarchy had succeeded in establishing a strong, uniform, and centralized system of justice. It was the King’s Courts that protected non-elite groups from depredations by the local aristocracy. The failure of the French monarchy to impose similar constraints on local elites was one of the reasons why the peasants who sacked manor houses during the Revolution went straight to the room containing the titres to property that they felt had been stolen from them over the preceding generations. In England, the legitimacy of existing property rights was much more broadly accepted.
State weakness can hurt the cause of liberty. The Polish and Hungarian aristocracies were able to impose their equivalents of the Magna Carta on their monarchs; those countries’ central governments, unlike their English counterpart, remained far too weak in subsequent generations to protect the peasantry from the local lords, not to speak of protecting their countries as a whole from outside invasion.
The same was of course true in the United States. “States’ Rights” and federalism was the banner under which local elites in the South could oppress African-Americans, both before and after the Civil War. American liberty is the product of decentralized government balanced by a strong central state, one that is capable, when necessary, of sending the National Guard to Little Rock to protect the right of black children to attend school.
It is hard to know if and when freedom will emerge in 21st century China. The latter may be the first country where demand for accountable government is driven primarily by concern over a poisoned environment. But it will come about only when popular demand for some form of downward accountability on the part of local governments and businesses is supported by a central government strong enough to force local elites to obey the country’s own rules.
quarta-feira, abril 23, 2008
It will survive?

Se o início da tentativa da globalização do Cristianismo, do Islamismo e de outras religiões começou há vários séculos, o final do século XX trouxe nos a tentativa da globalização da ciência, do liberalismo económico, dos valores democráticos (incluindo a separação entre a igreja e o Estado), etc.
Observando os dados do gráfico, concluimos que cerca de 14% (não-religiosos e ateus) da população mundial não tem religião. Este facto significa que apesar de na maior parte dos países a religião esteja separada do poder político (excepto nalguns casos do mundo muçulmano), a verdade é que continua a ser uma grande influência na esfera individual de cada um. Ou seja, continua a exercer um poder directo e indirecto, na sociedade, na política, na economia, etc.
Daí e também pelos valores éticos e morais que cada religião professa, se compreende a "luta" pela conversão, neste combate a Igreja Católica tem vindo a perder fieis, comparando com o Islão que apesar dos mediáticos efeitos do terrorismo islâmico, tem aumentado o número de fieis no mundo.
Grande parte dos problemas políticos têm como base diferenças culturais e ideológicas, em que a religião está presente no background. Só compreendendo este papel fulcral da religião se poderá também resolver muitos dos problemas que destabilizam a paz e segurança internacionais. Se os líderes políticos não compreenderem este facto, poderão tomar decisões não racionais que afectarão o país e a comunidade internacional e se os líderes religiosos não compreenderem a força da sua mensagem só estarão a condenar a existência da fé que professam.
Por enquanto a fé e a ética religiosa sobreviveu ao laicismo, à globalização da ciência e do liberalismo económico, à sua própria inadaptação ocasional aos tempos actuais e aos actos de violência que por vezes é a causa. No entanto não podemos desvalorizar o seu importante papel no mundo.
quarta-feira, março 12, 2008
Relatório sobre os Direitos Humanos na China 2007, US Department of State
segunda-feira, março 10, 2008
Ciclo de Conferências Pensar Portugal No Mundo

O Presidente da Comissão de Negócios Estrangeiros e Comunidades Portuguesas
tem a honra de convidar V.Exa para o
Ciclo de Conferências
PENSAR PORTUGAL NO MUNDO
Sala do Senado / Assembleia da República
ORADORES CONVIDADOS:
Dr. António Vitorino
12 de Março de 2008 (11h - 13h)
Professor José Medeiros Ferreira
9 de Abril de 2008 (11h - 13h)
Professor Jaime Nogueira Pinto
30 de Abril de 2008 (11h - 13h)
Dr. Rui Vilar
14 de Maio de 2008 (11h - 13h)
Professor Eduardo Lourenço
Dr. Filipe de Botton
28 de Maio de 2008 (11h - 13h)
sexta-feira, fevereiro 29, 2008
quarta-feira, fevereiro 27, 2008
Album de fotos de Obama!

O poder da imagem nas campanhas políticas é reconhecido, quer pelos apoiantes dos Clinton que terão posto a foto da polémica a circular na net a partir de um blogue chamado Drudge Report, quer pelo próprio Obama que prontamente respondeu: «Everybody knows that whether it's me or Senator Clinton or Bill Clinton that when you travel to other countries they ask you to try on traditional garb that you have been given as a gift," "The notion that the Clinton campaign would be trying to circulate this as a negative on the same day that Senator Clinton was giving a speech about how we repair our relationships around the world is sad"». Talvez sejam os Republicanos que ganhem com este fait-divers dos democratas,
quarta-feira, fevereiro 20, 2008
Rússia em tempo de mudança?

Em 2008, vamos assistir a duas eleições presidenciais de extrema importância para as Relações Internacionais. Nos EUA, vamos assistir a um combate Obama/ Clinton contra Mccain, enquanto que na Rússia sabemos antecipadamente quem será o eleito, Dmitry Medvevdev, denunciando assim o défice democrático que existe nesse país. Com a excelência do Financial Times, aqui estão 3 visões sobre o que é a Russia de Putin hoje, sobre o perfil de Medvedev e uma opinião sobre o futuro da Rússia.
terça-feira, fevereiro 19, 2008
segunda-feira, fevereiro 18, 2008
Kosovo

Though the issue of Kosovo is not attracting too much public comment in Asia, it is a worry for those who ponder the implications for countries struggling with separatist minorities of their own.
They note that while the original break-up of Yugoslavia resulted from internal forces, the independence of Kosovo was made possible because the United States and the European Union supported this dismemberment of Serbia. Whether this is the result of idealism or is regarded as punishment for Serbia's actions during the Milosevic era does not matter from the point of view of those not directly involved.
Indonesia and Sri Lanka have said that they will not recognize Kosovo's independence. China and Vietnam insist that any solution must not compromise the territorial integrity of Serbia. Most other Asian official reaction is similarly likely to be negative.
There are two issues here from an Asian perspective. The first is how far the principle of self-determination should be taken. Kosovo is a landlocked state of 2 million people, 10 percent of whom are Serbs strongly opposed to its independence.
It may be that the nature of the European Union can allow many mini-states to exist within a broader political entity, and that Kosovo is as viable as Luxembourg. Just possibly, the EU can be successor to the former Ottoman and Hapsburg empires, embracing all states of the Balkans, big and small.
Possibly. But none of that is much consolation to other regions of the world which do not possess equivalents to the EU. Since 1945, if not earlier, they have mostly lived with two concepts: First, the nation state as accepted by their peers at the United Nations; second, borders defined by their histories as parts of Western empires.
Thus far there have been remarkably few post-colonial formal splits. The major one was the creation of Bangladesh out of an untenable Pakistan divided by a thousand miles and an equally large cultural gap. Singapore's separation from Malaysia was peaceful. Eritrea's from Ethiopia was not.
But African and Asian nations still worry deeply about national integrity. The end of formal Western empires (most recently the Russian one) is still far too close for successor nations to be confident that their borders will survive. So they are particularly sensitive when they find the West instinctively supporting separatist movements, even if only verbally.
Whether the issue is Darfur, West Papua, Nagaland or the Shan states, the old colonial powers are often seen on the side of difficult minorities opposed to the central governments the powers themselves created.
Nor does it appear, at least from a distance, that an independent Kosovo offers even a sensible solution to the problem of linguistic nations divided from their national state. Logic would surely be the partition of Kosovo between Albania and Serbia, rather than the creation of another mini-state with another disgruntled minority.
Many in the rest of the world do not even credit the West with good intentions, noting that some influential voices in Western capitals would be happy to see Iraq divided into three states, Shiite, Sunni and Kurd.
Even if they appreciate that the European Union and the United States are trying to solve problems rather than introduce new divide-and-rule stratagems, they worry.
Take Sri Lanka. Kosovo logic suggests that the Tamils in the north deserve a separate state, an eventuality that would have huge implications for an India which can only exist if its major constituent parts - be they Tamil, Sikh or Bengali - accept an overriding identity and the benefits of diversity and size.
None of this is to argue that minority rights do not matter - that China can suppress Tibet and (Turkic) Xinjiang, that Russia can brutalize Chechnya, thatThailand can submit its Malay/Muslim minority to alien laws and language, and so on.
But for most of Africa and Asia the issue is sustaining states capable of delivering administration and a stable basis for development. As Kenya shows, even in states without overt separatist problems and with some success in economic development, the over-riding problem remains integrating diverse peoples into states.
Kosovo's independence may be the last act in the Balkanization of former empires. But it also looks like a victory for tribalism and creates a principle which can only exacerbate problems in other countries. In place of acceptance of minority autonomy within a single state structure there will be fights to the bitter end between centralism and separatism.
domingo, fevereiro 10, 2008
La llama que llama - Dalai Lama
Apenas um anuncio a uma companhia telefonica a jeito de piada para desanuviar um pouco. Espero que gostem!
Dalai Lama II
No sentido de tentar esclarecer algumas dúvidas suscitadas aqui no blog sobre as ideias e príncipios que o Dalai Lama defende, não há melhor que ouvir o próprio a falar. No âmbito das Relações Internacionais penso que é um tema de grande relevância, porque envolve o interesse nacional de grandes potências, o respeito pelos direitos humanos, a violação do Direito Internacional, a acção das OIG's e das ONG's a este respeito, a interdependência entre os Estados, etc.
sábado, fevereiro 09, 2008
Dalai Lama

Quando a situação se tornou insustentável, pediu-se ao Dalai Lama que saísse do país para continuar no exílio a luta pela libertação. Sua Santidade seguiu para a Índia, que lhe concedeu asilo político, acompanhado de outros oitenta mil refugiados tibetanos. Hoje há mais de 120.000 tibetanos vivendo como refugiados na Índia, Nepal, Butão e no Ocidente. Desde 1960, Sua Santidade reside em Dharamsala, uma pequena cidade no norte da Índia, apropriadamente conhecida como "Pequena Lhasa", por sediar a sede do governo tibetano no exílio.
Em 1991, encontrou-se com o Presidente dos Estados Unidos da América, George Bush, Neill Kinnock, o lider britânico de opsição, os ministros das Relações Exteriores da França e da Suíça, o Chanceler e Presidente da Áustria, e vários outros membros de governo estrangeiros. Em reuniões com líderes políticos, religiosos, culturais e comerciais, como também em grandes platéias em universidades, igrejas ou centros comunitários, falou de sua crença na união da família humana e da necessidade do desenvolvimento de um senso de responsabilidade universal.
sexta-feira, fevereiro 08, 2008
Mccain, o candidato republicano.
Americans have lost faith and trust in their government - Americans have lost trust that their government and its elected officials will serve the Nation's interest and not their own. Special interests have too much influence in Washington. Americans want a courageous leader who will stand up to the trial lawyers and labor bosses and other special interests, govern by principle rather than political expedience, keep their promises, and solve problems instead of leaving them for our children. Restoring Americans' confidence in their government is what's at stake in this election.
quinta-feira, janeiro 31, 2008
SIPRI Yearbook 2007
Boas,
Já saiu o relatório Yearbook referente a 2007 do SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute). Interessante para os alunos de R.I.
site do SIPRI: http://www.sipri.org/
site do yearbook: http://yearbook2007.sipri.org/
Download em PDF do relatório: yearbook2007.sipri.org/mini/yb07mini.pdf/download
Cumprimentos a todos
domingo, janeiro 27, 2008
E a Birmânia?
Depois da violenta acção repressiva do regime militar ditatorial no governo do Myanmar e apesar da sociedade cívil birmanesa ter demonstrado ser pro-democracia, a comunidade internacional em geral, a ONU, os EUA e a UE, defensores da democracia e dos direitos humanos, não agiram para além das sanções económicas de impacto reduzido. Parece assim terem deixado este problema humanitário esquecido, também deixou de fazer parte da agenda sensacionalista dos media. A Birmânia para além de ter uma posição geoestratégica importante, é detentora de vastos recursos naturais. Será que hoje a necessidade de recursos energéticos se impõe aos problemas humanitários?